PAYE works by converting your period pay to an annual figure, calculating tax on the annualised amount, then dividing back by the number of pay periods. Your tax code determines your tax-free allowance: for example, 1257L gives £12,570 free per year.
England/Wales rates 2026/27: 20% on taxable income up to £37,700 (i.e. £12,571 to £50,270), 40% on £50,271 to £125,140, 45% above. Scottish taxpayers have different bands starting from 19%.
NI Category A: 8% on earnings between the Primary Threshold (£12,570/year) and Upper Earnings Limit (£50,270/year), then 2% above the UEL. Categories B, M and H have reduced or nil rates below the UEL. Category C pays no NI.
Small differences (up to £2 per period) can arise from rounding in your employer's payroll software. Larger differences may indicate an incorrect tax code, underpaid tax from a previous job, or benefits in kind.